The Role of Television on Childhood Violence Essay

The Role of Television on Childhood Violence What does the world look like these days? It often seems like everywhere one looks, violence is there. We see it on the streets, back alleys, school, and even at home. The last of these is a major source of violence. In many peoples living rooms there sits an outlet for violence that often goes unnoticed. It is the television, and the children who view it are often hypnotized by action that takes place in it. Violence is the use of ones powers to inflict mental or physical injury upon another (Webster, 659). Research shows that television is definitely a major source of violent behavior. Media has been considered by Ciony C. Gonzales as #8230;the most dominant art form#8230;. (1984,†¦show more content†¦The children find the violent characters on television fun to imitate. Children do imitate the behavior of models such as those portrayed in television, movies, etc. They do so because the ideas that are shown to them on television are more attractive to the viewer than those the viewer can think up himself.(Langone,98). Children like the violence in television because it is able to be more exciting and enthralling than the violence that is normally viewed on the streets. Aggression is not the only issue involved. Statistics show that children who spend more time watching violent TV programming are rated more poorly by their teachers, rated more poorly by their peers, and have few problem solving skills. Another research among U.S. children discovered the differences between children who watch a lot of violent television and those who dont. The results were that the children who watched more violent television were more likely to agree that its okay to hit someone if youre mad at them for a good reason. These children may become less bothered by violence and see nothing wrong with it. The other group learned that problems can be solved passively, through discussion and authority (Cheyney 46). As you can see, television violence can disrupt a childs learning and thinking ability which will cause life long problems. Not only does television violence affect the childs youth, but it can also affect his or her adulthood. SomeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Child Development1286 Words   |  6 Pagesphysical and mental stages so much so that play-time is ignored. By making decisions that sacrifice play parents hinder their social development. Parents must take action and encourage their youth to play more, before childhood is lost forever. Play-time is an essential part of early childhood development as well as their most primitive form of expression. In an article titled â€Å"The Importance of Play† by Bruno Bettelheim, he refers to Sigmund Freud’s thoughts that play is a child’s first step in attainingRead MoreEssay on How Television Impacts our Children1123 Words   |  5 PagesTelevision has been around for over a half century. The first view of TV in the United States took place at a Worlds Fair in 1939, but standard television broadcasting did not begin until the late 1940s. Worry about the influence of television on children began when TV was in its early years. Early on in the 1950s, educators and parents began to ask legislators to do something about the amount of violence on TV. This concern still exists today. Parents have reservations about the quality of televisionRead MoreThe Effects of Media Violence on Children Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesHe replies, â€Å"I saw it on Telev ision.† Television violence had a role in the childs behavior. Media violence can have a lasting impression on children, teenagers and adults not only through television, but also through video games. In the past two decades, there has been a significant increase in violent behavior in the United States (Merino 1). This is the result of exposure to violence. More than half of television programs and video games contain some type of violence. Perez Daly says, â€Å"’... childrenRead MoreEssay Television Violence627 Words   |  3 PagesTelevision Violence Violence is one of the most primary and controversial issues in today’s society. And true that violence is on the rise. A major concern for many parents is the violence within television shows and movies, and the effect on children’s aggression. I particularly do not believe that violence in television affects children’s aggression, but who am I to say such a thing, for I am not a qualified psychologist. But I have many reasons for my accusation and references to back itRead More Juvenile Crime Essay528 Words   |  3 Pagespoverty, repeated exposure to violence, drugs, easy access to firearms, unstable family life and family violence, delinquent peer groups, and media violence. Especially the demise of family life, the effect of the media on the juveniles today, and the increase of firearms available today have played a big role in the increase of juveniles crimes. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The most common risk factor is the demise of the family life and the increase in family violence. Between 1976 and 1992 the numberRead MoreViolence in the Media in Richard Rhodes Hollow Claims about Fantasy Violence1289 Words   |  5 Pagesabout Fantasy Violence† expresses that the media’s portrayal of violence has no influence on those that view it. One of the first tactics that Rhodes used was by attacking the flaws of Organizations who blamed entertainment for the issues of violent behaviors. He claims that due to increased social control over the years has caused a decline in violence. Rhodes’ used thought-provoking tactics attempting to disprove that violence is influenced from the media instead he believes that violence is stemmedRead MoreDesensitization From Lack Of Discretion1614 Words   |  7 Pagestyrannical government, loss of freedoms such as our freedom of speech and our freedom of press, and a stronger presence of authority in our lives on the one side. On the other side our country’s moral fabric could come apart, there could be a rise in violence, and the innocence of our children is at risk. It is the innocence of our children that we are going to take a closer look at. What part does uncensored media play in the desensitization of our youth? Why should we be concerned about this issue?Read MoreEarly Disclosure, Violence, And Violence1248 Words   |  5 PagesEarly disclosure to violence may possibly lead to aggression in young preschoolers. Research stated that exposure to violence in adolescence at a young age may lead to aggression in school age youths. Aggression and violence may not be as serious for some individuals and it’s often considered a part of growing up as a child. Aggression can be understood in a range of ways. It can be conceptualized as ones’ personality trait or having origins within a difficult temperament. In other words, aggressionRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Technology990 Words   |  4 Pagessleeping. The vast majority of young people hav e access to a bedroom television, computer, the Internet, a video game console, and cellphone†. Although, this can be a great advantage for children it can also be a great disadvantage. The media is a great place where children can learn from educational programs, video games, and others. Young kids can learn literacy, numerical, and social skills. They can learn this from television programs such as Sesame Street, Dora, PBS kids, and many others. ManyRead MoreEssay about The Increase in Violence775 Words   |  4 PagesThe Increase in Violence In the year 2000 there are many problems with society. One of the biggest and most controllable is the issue of violence. Although we are subjected to violence everyday by simply turning on the news, other forms of violence for entertainment can be censored. This is the type of violence that is corrupting the minds of todays youth and destroying the change for a peaceful future. In todays society violence is saturating the minds of children and people must

Motivation Theories in Education - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1303 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? The reason why we study psychology in education is to understand why human beings act the way they do. One other reason is to influence, by changing or improving, their actions. Motivation is only one of the central issues in psychology. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Motivation Theories in Education" essay for you Create order However, it is one of education as well. The importance of motivation in learning has long been established and certainly much has been written about it. However, we still seem to encounter a problem when it comes to knowing what motivation exactly is. As Drucker puts it, â€Å"We know nothing about motivation. All we can do is write about it. Whatever is being aroused by the smart use of reinforcers remains largely mysterious and elusive. â€Å"Motivation, like the concept of gravity, is easier to describe (in terms of its outward, observable effects), than it is to define. Of course, this has not stopped people from trying. † Covington, 1998 Simply put, motivation justifies behaviour. Why, for example, does a student decide to misbehave in class? Why does another one behave? The answer to these questions is very simple. Different people have different reasons to achieve different things. A student might misbehave in class in order to gain his class mates’ attention. What students learn, how much they remember and how engaged they become in the process depends largely on which reasons for learning dominate. Over the past several decades, two broadly different conceptions of achievement motivation have emerged (Covington, 1992). One perspective views motivation as a drive, that is, an internal state or need that impels individuals toward action (Heyman Dweck, 1992). A second perspective considers motivation in terms of goals or incentives that draw, not drive, individuals toward action (Heyman Dweck, 1992). Motives as Drives Three major theories fall under this conception of achievement motivation. First we find the Need Achievement Theory which was developed initially by John Atkinson (1957/1987) and by David McClelland (1965). This theory states that human achievement is the result of a conflict between striving for success and avoiding failure. It is the difference in emotional anticipation, more precisely pride versus shame that brings an individual into acting in a particular way. The second theory is the Attribution Theory. Beginning in the early 1970’s, and having Bernard Weiner as its pioneer, the theory poses a radical reinterpretation of the Need Achievement Theory of the 50s. As opposed to Atkinson, Weiner believed that thought processes rather than emotional anticipations were the agents responsible for the quality of achievement. Weiner stated that how individuals perceive their prior successes and failures is the deciding factor in choosing whether to engage in a particular task and in deciding how long to persist once it begins and with what amount of enthusiasm. The shift from emotions to cognition is a very subtle one but has very important implications on education. For example, if cognition is what controls motivation, then educators would be better off if they taught their students how to analyse the causes of their successes and failures in the most constructive, yet realistic, ways possible. One of the main features of the attribution theory is that of the role of effort in achievement. Weiner et al. believed that student effort can be controlled by teachers through the application of rewards for trying and, when necessary, punishment for not trying. Whether this premise is true or not is largely debatable. One thing is sure †¦ teachers do put it into practice. Students whom teachers see as having studied hard are rewarded more in success and reprimanded less in failure than students who do not try. The third theory falling under the conception of achievement motivation is the Self-Worth Theory. In our society, success is largely measured by one’s ability to achieve competitively. Nothing contributes more to a student’s sense of self-esteem than good grades, nor shatters it so completely as do poor grades (Rosenberg, 1965). Thus it is achievement that dominates in the mind of most school children. This explains the fact that ability affects the level of self-esteem in an individual (Berry, 1975). This theory conflicts with that of attribution. The Attribution Theory emphasises on effort, while the self-worth theory emphasises rather more on those sources of worth and pride that follow from feeling smart, such as is self-esteem. This conflict could be avoided only if we take a different approach in our education system. Unfortunately, in our system, it is ability which is rewarded rather than effort. A student who puts little effort but is able to pass his/her exam is definitely rewarded more than the one who puts a great deal of effort without succeeding in passing the exam. This is what Covington (1979),and Omelich call a â€Å"double-edged sword†. The Self-Worth Theory argues that the protection of a sense of ability is the student’s highest priority. What this theory implies is that students may not study in order to have an excuse for failing that does not reflect poorly on their ability. A number of strategies for avoiding failure, or at least avoiding the implications of failure, have been identified by researchers such as Birney, Burdick and Teevan (1969). According to this theory, the student who misbehaves in class is already motivated, driven by circumstances to protect his or her self-esteem. Thus, the misbehaviour is just the result of being motivated but for the wrong reasons! Therefore, the solution would be for educators to change the reasons that lead to disobedience or misbehaviour rather than simply increase rewards for effort and punishment for not trying. Once the teacher changes the reason/s for which students learn, from negative to positive, the symptoms should coincidentally disappear. This theory is useful because it helps us in identifying what are not the causes of failure in the will to learning. Motives as goals â€Å"The answer to school reform lays not so much in increasing motivation – that is, arousing existing drive levels – as it is in encouraging different kinds of motivation together. The key to this transformation is to view motivation not in terms of drives, but in terms of goals, and goals that are largely intrinsic in nature. † Deci, 1975 Intrinsic motivation refers to the goal of becoming more effective as a person. It is motivation that arises from within the person, rather than from the external environment. A student who behaves well during school hours because he/she thinks it is good for his/her well-being is intrinsically motivated. In this case, learning becomes valued for what it can do to enhance one’s effectiveness. The key to understand intrinsic motivation is that the reward for learning lies in the action themselves. Satisfying a personal interest is intrinsic in itself, while good grades or praise are extrinsic. The kinds of goals which are ideal for students are the ones that are intrinsic in nature. Because intrinsic reasons are their own reward, the payoffs for learning are attributed to all, not just a few individuals. Also, when the individual is intrinsically motivated learning becomes the means to an end, not an isolated event whose only purpose is to get the right answer or to please the teacher. Where education is concerned, things go better when intrinsic motives predominate. For example, a student who behaves well in class because it gives him a sense of pride or satisfaction is better off than the student who behaves well because he is given good comments by the teacher in return. I feel that here it is important to note that intrinsic motivation may originally start through extrinsic reinforcement. For example, the student who originally behaves well in class because he/she is praised by the teacher may continue doing so in the future because of, for example, pride in doing so, rather than the teacher’s praise. Motivational contracts may be an alternative favouring such a situation. These will be discussed next.

Most Honorable Character Hector or Achilles - 1252 Words

George Honey Mrs. Moore English Literature 3 April 2011 Most Honorable Character: Hector or Achilles? Honor: honesty, fairness, or integrity in one s beliefs and actions; this is the definition by which these two characters, Hector and Achilles, ought to be judged. By taking this definition to heart, Achilles is far from honorable. Throughout the Iliad, Achilles acts on rage and revenge. â€Å"Rage-Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus’ son Achilles, murderous, doomed, that cost the Achaens countless losses, hurling down to the House of Death so many sturdy souls, great fighters’ souls, but made their bodies carrion, feasts for the dogs and birds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1, 1-5) From the beginning of the epic the reader learns of Achilles rage and wants for†¦show more content†¦Hector also killed Patroclus. He is well respected by not only his comrades, but by his enemies as well. When he decided to stop and speak in the midst of battle, both sides stopped fighting just to listen to him. He is a loving husband and devoted father, as well as devoted son and sibling. He did n ot hurt his brother when he confessed he would rather sleep around than go into battle. Hector fights in his kingdom, unlike any of the Achaean commanders do, which shows even more honor. Hector has a deep real love for his wife and children. They are his first and foremost thought, not himself such as Achilles. As much as he loves his family, he is always committed to his responsibilities for Troy. When he took the leadership role of Troy, he commits his life to serving his country and follows through with his commitment until his death. Although respected and a mighty warrior, like most heroes, Hector also had flaws. The flaw of his that stands out the most is his cowardice. Such cowardice is demonstrated when he runs away from runs away from Ajax two times. He then receives insults from his soldiers and is emotionally instable for a moment. This causes him to treat his opponents and others very cruelly. When Achilles first challenges Hector, Hector tries to talk his way out of it; yet again showing his cowardice. But, in the end, Hector decides to battle Achilles even though he knows the gods haveShow MoreRelatedHector and Achilles as Classic Heroes of Homers Iliad Essay983 Words   |  4 Pages Hector and Achilles as Classic Heroes of Homers Iliad nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Literary heroes have been important to stories and poems throughout history. Each author develops his hero through a unique writing style, combining conscious use of detail, diction, tone and other narrative techniques to outline a heros personality. Homer, in his epic poem The Iliad, develops two classic heroes who are distinctly different at first glance, but upon closer inspection are very similar inRead MoreFate Vs Fate Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifically in the poem, The Iliad, there is a clear representation of whether it is free will or fate after all. Although we may never know whether there is a predetermined path or rather just free, it can only make one wonder. For most Greek Mythology, it is been evident that most of people’s decisions were not free will but rather fate itself. While people think they have free will, it may just be fate after all. Fate or free will is evident in the poem The Iliad. In the Iliad, there are endless struggleRead MoreEssay on Differences in Heroes in The Iliad780 Words   |  4 Pagescommands ! Never again, I trust, will Achilles yield to you – My hands will never do battle for that girl, Neither with you, King, nor any man Alive.†(p 111) With these wrathful words of Achilles to his commander Agamemnon, so begins the sequence of events in The Iliad that ultimately pits Achilles the runner against Hector, breaker of horses. Although these men were already enemies, Achilles being an Achaean and Hector being a Trojan, it is truly Achilles’ rage that makes the rivalry personalRead MoreEssay on A Review of the Movie Troy808 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most noticeable differences between the book and the movie is the absence of the Gods. In Homers Iliad, the Gods played a major part in the Trojan War. Though the viewers are made aware that the characters believe in the Gods, the only God we see in the movie is Thetis, Achilles mother. The omission of the Gods from the movie may give the audience a chance to view the characters more believable, however by omitting the Gods, the viewer did not get the full history of the characters. Read MoreThe Illiad by Homer1157 Words   |  5 Pagesperson in The Iliad that can be considered god-like is Trojan prince Hector. He is also a commander on the Trojan side, and he truly the greatest Trojan warrior. The character of this Trojan hero is dynamic and changes throughout the book. At the beginning of the book he acts like a great warrior should. He is the most brave out of all the Trojans. Hector leads his army and never fails. In the later part of the book we see Hector as a brave warrior but we are also introduced to his other side, hisRead MoreA Dynamic Greek Epic Poem Iliad1354 Words   |  6 Pagescelebrate wars. Realities of the war were never ignored; their men died ferociously whiles their women became slaves or courtesan. Heroes in Iliad also chose soldierly exaltation or honor over the life of their families. Hector and Achilles who were the classic hero characters in the test valued their braveness, nobleness, fame and integrity and made a voluntarily sacrif ice to be in war rather than to live with their families and those they love. The author’s detailing imagery in theRead MoreThe Epic Poem Of Troy1356 Words   |  6 Pagescelebrate wars. Realities of the war were never ignored; their men died ferociously whiles their women became slaves or courtesan. Heroes in Iliad also chose soldierly exaltation or honor over the life of their families. Hector and Achilles who were the classic hero characters in the test valued their braveness, nobleness, fame and integrity and made a voluntarily sacrifice to be in war rather than to live with their families and those they love. The author’s detailing imagery in theRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Iliad, Heroism801 Words   |  4 Pagesthe reader will side with; Achilles or Hector. Society’s image of a hero demands for an altruistic, strong, and compassionate figure, but Homer refutes this idea of a hero. Homer’s Iliad demonstrates that in a realistic society, there is no such thing as a complete hero, and that true heroism does not exist. ​Achilles, the Achaean trophy soldier, was the creation of a mortal named Paleus and of a Goddess named Thetis. Because of his immortality given by his mother, Achilles is exceptionally strong andRead MoreThe Iliad Herioc Code1444 Words   |  6 PagesClassical Epic: Gods and Heroes Paper #1 The heroic code in the Iliad is expressed by many characters throughout the book, whether it be through their actions, intentions, or teachings. The heroic code stems from the belief that honor is, above all, the most important virtue in life and all men must honor themselves, their families, and their fellow comrades through specific character traits and actions. This concept is the primary goal in a Homeric hero’s life. Specifically, courageRead MoreCharacter Changes In The Iliad To Troy1558 Words   |  7 PagesCharacter Changes from The Iliad to Troy Narratives need to have well-developed characters. As authors and translators do revisions and translations, they often change things in a piece, most often how the plot runs and how the characters act. Greek mythology has a strong idea of what makes a hero as well as certain ideals of honor and war. This essay will be looking at the character changes of Paris of Troy -- his cowardice, unmanliness, and lack of spirit -- through the novel The Iliad, by Homer

Pre-literacy and Modern Vestiges - 1250 Words

Pre-literacy and Modern Vestiges For many years, the conventions and existence of epic poetry from the pre-literate age were explained as repositories for information. A well-known story, usually involving a hero that embodied the virtues of the society who told the story, engages in battles, quests, etc. As the epic is spoken to an audience, the hero’s actions and the way they are described impart the audience with information and teachings. The information the listeners received is thought by some to be analogous to a modern day textbook lesson, in which students learn mathematics, grammar, and law, all by the written word. So is the contention of Homeric scholar Eric A. Havelock. As Hobart and Schiffman state in Orality and the†¦show more content†¦The specific words sung are more attuned to the metrical nature of the music than they are apt tools for imparting the singer with specific knowledge about a single battle. â€Å"The Star-Spangled Banner† is an example of modern commemoratio n. If we were to read it as it was originally written, as a poem, then we would probably think of it as a series of images describing a naval assault on an American fort, and as a singular, historical event. The poem’s lines would become information. Yet in song form this is not the case. The point of the song is not for each individual to remember a certain night in American history; the point is for a group of singers to remember the notion of a nation, more specifically, the United States. Hobart and Schiffman theorize that each oral presentation of the Iliad was a different for its audiences as the situations in which we might hear the national anthem. For instance, we sing the national anthem at baseball games, but we also heard it after the World Trade Center was attacked on September 11, 2001; besides being group events, these cases have little in common. The type of memory that we use when sing the song together is the commemorative type. Another example describing the differences in the concept of memory that Hobart and Schiffman refer to can be found in computers. Memory on a computer describes how many tasks a computer can do atShow MoreRelatedIs Australia an Inclusive Society?2888 Words   |  12 PagesNorthern part of the country (DFAT, 2008) . The policy was gradually abolished after the Second World War, but the emphasis on European immigration remained until 1966, when the government allowed the migration of ‘distinguished’ non-Europeans. The last vestiges of the policy were discarded in 1973. From 1901 to the early 1970s, policies towards newcomers were based on assimilation. 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Critical Analysis of the Liver functions and medical science Free Essays

Introduction The liver, with over 500 functions, is one the most significant and versatile organ of the human body. It weighs around 1.5kg and it is divided into four lobes; left, right, quadrate and caudate. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of the Liver functions and medical science or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is wrapped in a fibrous capsule which is covered by the visceral peritoneum. 30% of the bloody supply of the heart reaches the liver at a region called the Hilus every minute, of which two thirds is through the portal vein and a third through the hepatic artery, it then leaves the liver through the hepatic vein. Blood pressure is low, usually at 10mm Hg or less. The cells of the liver are known as Hepatocytes. Hepatocytes serve many roles in the functions of the liver of which include: Metabolic regulation; it plays a key role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, Haematological regulation; it is the primary organ that regulates the composition of blood, and Bile synthesis. [2] During carbohydrate metabolism, most of the glucose that is derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates is stored as glycogen in the liver cells (Glycogenesis) until it is needed, which is when the liver will convert the glycogen back into glucose to be used for respiration (Glycogenolysis). Examples of such situations are when there is a short supply of glucose in the body during the times between meals or when fasting. When the body is starved from carbohydrates, the liver can produce glucose by a process called Gluconeogenesis by converting amino acids from dietary and body proteins, lactate or glycerol into glucose. This prevents the individual from having hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose levels), so by this it can also be said that the liver has an integral part of maintaining blood glucose levels. The liver serves a major role in fat metabolism by producing the lipoproteins that are needed to transport fat, cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood throughout the body. Protein metabolism takes place in the liver as it goes through amino acid conversion, most of the amino acids are synthesised into proteins that are needed for the body, especially albumin which is the main plasma protein. Amino acid metabolism however produces a waste product, Urea, which is transported to the kidneys via blood and excreted through urine. Haematological regulation is the way in which the liver processes the blood by regulating the amount of chemicals it holds and breaking down the nutrients within it so it is easy to use. It also detoxifies toxic substances such as drugs or alcohol that come via blood and breaks it down before being released back into the blood into amounts that can be handled by the body. In addition to its metabolic functions, it is also responsible for the production of bile. Bile is a yellow alkaline fluid that is produced by the hepatocytes made up of mainly water (85%) and bile salts (10%). Bile salts acts as a fat emulsifier so it is needed for the normal digestion and absorption of ingested fats. Bile also serves as a route in which substances such as drugs and wastes produced from metabolism that aren’t removed by the kidneys, such as bilirubin, is removed from the body through the faeces. Hepatocytes secrete bile into tubes known as Bile Canaliculi, which jointo form Bile Ductules. Bile ductules then transport bile to the nearest portal area. The right and left hepatic ducts collects the bile from the ductules at the portal areas and merge to form the Common Hepatic Duct. This leaves the liver to go to the gall bladder through the Cystic Duct which joins onto the Common Bile Duct which transports bile to the duodenum through the Duodenal Ampulla and then goes into the small intestine ready to act upon the absorption of fats. [2] These are only a few functions of the liver, all of which if do not function properly can lead to many liver diseases. Diseases can generally be classified into two types; Hepatocellular, which results in damage to the hepatocytes and Cholestatic which restricts bile flow due to blockage in ducts. Most patients suffering from a liver disease develop jaundice resulting from high levels of the bilirubin in the blood stream (hyperbilirubinemia). Jaundice makes whites of the eyes yellow and then gradually the skin start becoming yellow. Bilirubin is produced from dead red blood cells; at the end of their life span, the haemoglobin found within them is released and split into haem and globin. Iron from haem is recycled for the production of more haemoglobin and any remains of the haem molecule are converted to bilirubin. It is excreted in the faeces and some in the urine. It is elevated in most liver diseases as they cause some sort of damage to hepatocytes which means bilirubin cannot conjugate with glucuronic acid in order to be excreted, so it stays in the bloodstream where its levels continuously increase. One of the common diseases to occur in the liver is Hepatitis. It results in inflammation of the liver cells. Viral Hepatitis can be caused by Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, yellow fever or Herpes Simplex. Patients usually start off small with flu like symptoms. Non viral hepatitis can be due to auto immune reasons, drugs, toxins found in mushrooms and alcohol. [3] ‘As alcohol consumption is very high in the western world, alcohol hepatitis is a common problem. Symptoms include enlargement of the liver, development of fluid in the abdomen (ascites), increased blood pressure in the portal vein and later development of jaundice. If alcoholic hepatitis is diagnosed it is important to stop consuming alcohol at once otherwise it could lead to more serious damage such as cirrhosis or even liver failure.’ [2] Cirrhosis is an irreversible liver disease. Patients with cirrhosis develop ascites, jaundice and the formation of fibrous tissue where liver cells should be, the liver cells are destroyed in response to toxic chemicals, a viral hepatitis, or most commonly, high alcohol consumption. These are examples of Hepatocellular liver diseases. An example of a Cholestatic liver disease would be Cholestasis. Cholestasis is a state when there is a blockage in the bile ducts so bile cannot be released. Again, jaundice develops when a patient suffers from cholestasis as bilirubin is also unable to reach the small intestine to be excreted. Other symptoms include pale faeces and dark urine. There are a number of tests available that determines liver diseases. These include bilirubin, ALP, ALT and the GGT tests. A slightly abnormal bilirubin concentration indicates it may be haemolytic anaemia (abnormal rate of red blood cell destruction). A higher concentration is due to diseases which have damaged the hepatocytes therefore bilirubin cannot conjugate or be excreted properly. These diseases are acute hepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis. A very high concentration indicates cholestasis as it means bile flow is completely blocked (most commonly by gallstones) and so bilirubin cannot be excreted. Bilirubin can be measured by taking a blood test; conjugated, unconjugated or total bilirubin. Conjugated bilirubin is bound to glucuronic acid and so is called direct bilirubin. Unconjugated bilirubin is measured by subtracting the direct bilirubin from the total bilirubin, so is called indirect bilirubin. Total Bilirubin is the term used when both are measured. GGT, ALP and ALT are all enzymes that are present in the liver cells. Hepatocyte death (necrosis) leads to large amounts of these enzymes to be released into the blood stream which if measured will serve as an indicator of liver disease. These enzymes can be measured by taking around 5 ml of venous blood. Abnormal ALT (alanine transferase) results are found in diseases that have come about as a result of necrosis. In acute hepatitis, ALT rises before jaundice develops and then usually goes back to normal within 8 weeks. A continuous raised level of ALT means that it chronic liver disease such as chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. High GGT (gamma glutamyl transferase) levels are found in all liver and biliary tract diseases. GGT doesn’t determine an actual disease but it is used to predict who may be at risk of liver disease due to alcohol as it is the only enzyme that is produced due to alcohol, so high continuous levels would mean alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis. Moderately results of ALP (alkaline phosphatise) indicate acute hepatitis but extremely high results show cholestasis may have developed. However, ALP is also present in the cells of the bone, so only measuring it by itself would not be an accurate indication of liver disease. It is usually measured alongside GGT; if both levels are high then it confirms that the problem is definitely within the liver. These are a few diseases and tests that are commonly used today to identify one of the biggest causes of death in the UK today. References: [1] Martini, F., H., 2004, Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 6th edition, San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, ISBN: 0-13-120346-0. [2] Higgins, C., 2000, Understanding Laboratory Investigations, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd, ISBN: 0-632-04245-1 [3] Mayo Clinic Staff, 2010, Alcoholic Hepatitis, Mayo Clinic, DS00785 How to cite Critical Analysis of the Liver functions and medical science, Essay examples

Othello Essay Research Paper OTHELLO INTERPITIVE JOURNAL free essay sample

Othello Essay, Research Paper OTHELLO INTERPITIVE JOURNAL 2 In act two Othello and others arrive in Cyprus. Iago is still plotting against Othello while he tries to destroy Othello? s life. He is utilizing other charters to acquire to Othello. Othello is a really brave, sort and admirable General. However his kindness is bit by bit taking him into devastation and confusion. Othello is a adult male who can take control in any state of affairs. Even if the odds are against him, Othello is a respectful adult male in any state of affairs. Othello has merely reunited with Desdemona as # 8220 ; net incomes yet to come? tween # 8221 ; ( 2.3.12 ) them before they separate once more. Othello is stating Desdemona that even the net incomes will non come between them. Othello will agree the net incomes to stay with Desdemona at all costs. Othello will be brave to take control of his life. He is strong plenty to halt anyone that he knows is a menace to him or Desdemona. He will state anyone to make as he state? s and if they do non he will give them the warning to # 8220 ; keep, for your lives # 8221 ; ( 2.3.176 ) or they will be slayed like wild animate beings. Othello takes control in this state of affairs by endangering to stop Cassio and Montano? s life if they do non halt their junior-grade battle. He shows a great leading strength by taking control of everyone? s actions. Ohello lets everyone know who is the foreman while being respectful and gracious. Othe! llo continues to seek and be nice while he demands Cassio and Montano to # 8220 ; speak # 8221 ; ( 2.3.190 ) and asks # 8220 ; who began this # 8221 ; ( 2.3.190 ) before he decides who is at mistake and who should be penalized for what is go oning. He gives everyone a just opportunity to state what they want. He wants to cognize all of the facts before he passes judgement on either one of the work forces involved in the bash. Othello shows how he can be a great leader even in the worst of state of affairss. He passes judgement and # 8220 ; Cassio, I love thee, but never again be officer of mine # 8221 ; ( 2.3.264-265 ) is all that Othello has to state. He tries his best to allow Cassio down easy even though he has merely ended Cassio? s calling. This hits Othello every bit hard as it does Cassio because he put about all of his trust into Cassio to make his responsibility. All of the grounds shows how Othello is willing and able to take control of any state of affairs that is thrown upon him, even those that concern some of the people who are closest to him. Othello is a adult male who puts a batch of trust into everyone. This trust may take to his death in his calling and in his life. He puts a batch of trust into Cassio and Cassio blows this trust by acquiring rummy and contending with Montano. He is loath to inquire Cassio # 8220 ; have you forgot all sense of topographic point and responsibility # 8221 ; ( 2.3.179 ) because of the reply that he may get. This makes both Cassio and Othello look bad. Othello is Cassio? s general and the battle reflects on Othello and how he runs things in his ground forces. Othello still trusts about everyone every bit much as before the bash but he should be and doesn? t even recognize what is truly go oning as # 8220 ; honest Iago # 8221 ; ( 2.3.189 ) is the lone informant to a unusual state of affairs once more. Othello asks Iago # 8220 ; that looks dead with grieving, speak # 8221 ; ( 2.3.189-190 ) so he knows what has happened in the bash. Othello does non cognize that Iago is non even as trust worthy as Cassio is. Iago tells the truth for the first clip in the book because the truth hurts Cassio more! than prevarications would. Othello merely wants to cognize how everything happened. He trusts Iago with everything he owns and loves. It is to bad for him that he cant here what is traveling on in Iagos caput when he state? s # 8220 ; I play the scoundrel, when this advice is free I give # 8221 ; ( 2.3.357 ) because Iago depict how he truly is. Othello has no thought the adult male he trusts the most is the 1 he should contemn the most. Iago is utilizing Othello for his ain personal addition and has no compunction for anything he does to him and others foiling his dreams. Othello is utilizing his unlawful trust manner and more on his manner to his ain death. All of this shows how Othello is directing himself into deeper and darker hole that will lead to his death. He must larn to swear himself more than others or he will lose control of all state of affairss that he is to face in the hereafter. For now Othello still has control of all state of affairss that are in his appreciation but must watch whom he trusts or his death may come in one chap slide with no warning. 314

Bachelor of Nursing Baby Thomas’s Medical Care

Question: Discuss about theBachelor of Nursingfor Baby Thomass Medical Care. Answer: Introduction The case study presents the ethical dilemma related to Baby Thomass medical care and life threatening diseases, with which he was born. Thomas was born at 24 weeks of gestation, with a number of life threatening difficulties. Thomas has been transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), where he is administered several invasive measures for ensuring adequate cardio-respiratory function and cerebral perfusion. He is in NICU for 52 days, but has shown no improvement. However, Thomass condition was not improving with the medical efforts. In this condition, the ethical dilemma is the decision of withdrawing the babys treatment and related medical facilities for Thomass treatment, as Thomas is not responding to the expensive medical care provided to him in NICU (Hockenberry et al., 2012). However, his parents are not agreed with the decision of the medical and financial department, as it is very likely that if the life medical care is stopped, Thomas would not survive and if sur vive; it would significantly affect his normal life (Butts Rich, 2012). Thus, this essay will focus on the ethical and legal dilemma regarding the withdrawn of the medical care and support system of baby Thomas. The stakeholders in a case scenario refer to the people, who are affected by the ethical dilemma in Thomass medical care withdrawn. If the life supportive system of Thomas along with all his medical care is withdrawn, the major effect will be on baby Thomas; the consequences can include severe disabilities, physical difficulties or even fatal consequences. In this context, the baby Thomas is the main stakeholder, who will be affected by these consequences of the case scenario. On the other hand, his family will also be affected by the consequences of medical care withdrawn. In the multidisciplinary team, the NICU physiotherapist and the nurse-attending baby Thomas will be affected by the consequences of his medical care withdrawn (Munhall, 2012). The ethical theory, the virtue ethics depicts the moral character or virtue of an individual in a particular situation. According to this theory, the virtues of an individual can promote the moral thinking and can modify a context to be moral. With the accordance of the ethical theories and principles, Thomass case can be explained and analyzed. In the case scenario, it has been seen that, the child, Thomas has been born with several physical difficulties. Expensive life supporting and assisting medical care has been provided to Thomas, but he showed no improvement. There are 7 principles of ethics, in nursing; these include beneficence, non-maleficience, respect for autonomy, paternalism, truthfulness or fidelity, integrity and justice (DeKeyser Ganz Berkovitz, 2012). Here, in baby Thomass case can be categorized according to these ethical principles. In this context, according to the principle of beneficence, the health care professional should practice any kind of medical care, f rom which the patient benefits. Here, Thomas is getting no benefit from the life supporting system and the other medical practices in NICU since last 52 days. On the other hand, according to the principle of Justice, everyone should be treated similarly and get all the benefits available in health care settings (Butts Rich, 2012). As a living being, baby Thomas has all the rights to get adequate treatment for the improvement of his health status. According to the principle of fidelity, the health care professionals, including nurses and social workers are accountable for the truthfulness, loyalty, fairness and advocacy in practice. Paternalism principle of ethics is also applicable in Thomass case, as he is too younger to take his decisions and depends upon his parents to take the appropriate decision about his health and medical care (Hockenberry et al., 2012). According to the principle of integrity and totality, the health care professionals have to consider the patients mental, physical and emotional status, while deciding the medical intervention. Therefore, in this case scenario, the therapeutic procedure should consider Thomass situation entirely. As a human being, Thomas has all the rights to live, withdrawing his life supporting system and ceasing all the medical support clearly pushes him towards certain death. If in case, death does not occur, he would face severe physical disability throughout the life. Thus, it is ethically not right for Thomas. In contrast, from the legal perspective, Australian legislation does not comply with euthanasia, which is the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease. From the philosophical and social perspective, Varcoe et al. (2012) argued that if the life of an infant is so miserable, that there is no way to keep the infant alive and healthy, from the internal perspective of the being who will lead that life and if there are no 'extrinsic' causes for keeping the baby alive, for instance, the feelings of his parents; it is better to help the baby die without further suffering. However, from the ethical perspective, like other normal healthy infant, Thomas has the same rights to live and get medical support until his life ends (Hockenberry et al., 2012). From the ethical perspective, the ethical consideration of Thomass condition is controversial, as the consideration includes both the treatment cost and the quality of newborns life. Here, in this case study, it has been seen that through 52 days treatment in NICU, Thomass health status has been shown to deteriorate day by day, without any kind improvement in his quality of life, on the other hand, the financial department has estimated that $3000 per day is the cost of treatment for Thomas, which is becoming worthless. Thus, withdrawing the treatment process is morally not incorrect (Hockenberry et al., 2012). However, his parents are not willing to stop their childs treatment; thus, undertaking steps without their consent is also not morally correct, which is also against the human right legislations. The controversial dilemma also include legal perspective, as baby Thomas is gettin g not benefits from the NICU expensive medical care, whereas in Australia, the act of euthanasia is not legally approved, especially for infants or child (Johnstone, 2015). According to the Code of ethics for nurses by the NMBA board, Nurses should value the quality nursing care for all, therefore, to make the medical care ethically sound, the nursing professional have to ensure that Thomas is getting equal medical care like another infant of his age. In the second ethical statement in the code o ethics, it has been said, nurses should show respect and kindness to all people. From the aspect of kindness, Thomass life support system withdrawn would not be morally sound, as his parents also do not want to stop their childs treatment. 8th value statement of Code of ethics, is has been mentioned that nurses should promote health and wellbeing in socially, ecologically and economically sustainable environment (Staunton Chiarella, 2012). The financial department has estimated that for Thomass treatment, a huge amount of money is being used, which is worthless. Thus, from the ethical perspective, wasting that much of money in such a treatment, which is not wo rthy, is not ethically correct. From the above discussion, the ethical and legal dilemma of Thomass case has been cleared. In Thomass case, the withdrawn of his life supporting system would be the best solution, as it has been seen that through a long period of 52 days, Thomas has not responded trough the medical treatment. In the modern era of advanced medical science, the life supporting systems are playing a significant role in supporting the life of people, who do not have the ability to survive in normal condition (Johnstone, 2013). However, the life supporting system should be applied if the patients recovery is assisted by the life supporting devices, as the medical supporting systems are expensive enough. In case of Thomas, he was born with several difficulties and disorders and the medical care at NICU was not successful in preventing hypoglycaemia, hypothermia, malnutrition, thromboses and sepsis and he was experiencing apnoea requiring resuscitation and decreased cardiac output. At this situation, the life sustaining supporting system has been implemented in Thomass treatment, through which he survived 52 days, without any kind of improvement in his health status; he even not responding through the treatment procedures. Thus, withdrawing the life supporting system is the best option. However, this is not only the solution, as it is likely that withdrawing the advance life supporting system, Thomas would not survive, thus, preparing his family member is very important (Johnstone, 2016). It is because, according to the principle of paternalism, without their consent, chance in Thomass medical process cannot be done. Thomass parents are ready to protest against the consequences. For this, the medical multidisciplinary team should arrange a counseling session for Thomass parents, where they would be discussed about the pros and cons of withdrawing the advance life supporting system from Thomas. As it is legally not accepted in Australia, discussion is very important, because, they can take legal steps against the professional, associated with withdrawing Thomass life supporting system (Orentlicher, 2012). In the medical session, Thomass parents should be respectfully discussed about Thomass condition, the chance of his survival and normal life leading. They can be suggested that, they might have a normal and healthy baby next time. If Thomas survives, he might not be a healthy baby and will live with several difficulties and disorders. In this context, Thomas would not get a normal life. Everyone has a right to get a healthy life, which is might not be applicable for Thomas. Thus, he should be hel ped to have a painless death, rather than a painful life with disabilities. According to the ethical principle of Beneficence, the professionals should ensure that the patient is having benefits from the medical intervention, but Thomas has shown no benefits from the interventions, in spite of expensing a huge amount of money (Bilsen et al., 2009). According to the legal perspectives, the euthanasia was legal in Australia in past days, however, now it is not legally accepted. Nevertheless, in Australia, this practice is not legally accepted, but in this case, evaluating the economic and ethical aspects of Thomass condition, it has been revealed that withdrawing the life supportive system would be the suitable option for Thomas and his family (Staunton Chiarella, 2012). However, he should be kept in the NICU unit, with other medical support, without the advanced life supporting system. The social workers in the multidisciplinary team should advocate Thomass parents about the positive sides of their decision with respectful approach. Thomass parents wanted to contact with media regarding this conflicts, which can make the situation more complicated with legal issues (Cundiff, 2012). In contrast, if they are advocated through an effective communication and counseling process, including the ethical principles and its effect on the dilemma, they might get moral and emotional support to take the toughest decision, to provide their consent, about withdrawing their sons advanced life supporting system. According to the code of ethics of nurses, without taking the consent from the infants parents, medical steps cannot be undertaken, especially, if it is as life-threatening decision as Thomass case (Hockenberry et al., 2012). In this assignment, the focus was the ethical dilemma regarding the life sustaining supporting system, administered to the infant Thomas. Thomas has not been shown any improvement throughout 52 days of treatment, thus, the dilemma is whether it is ethical and legal step to withdraw the supporting system from Thomass treatment or not. It has been revealed that, withdrawing the system is the best option, as it is not helping Thomas to recover, rather, if he survives, he will get a painful life. In addition, to get his parents consent, an in-depth and emotional discussion is needed with his parents. Reference List Bilsen, J., Cohen, J., Chambaere, K., Pousset, G., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., Mortier, F., Deliens, L. (2009). Medical end-of-life practices under the euthanasia law in Belgium. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(11), 1119-1121. Butts, J. B., Rich, K. L. (2012). Nursing ethics. Jones Bartlett Publishers Cundiff, D. (2012). Euthanasia is not the answer: A hospice physicians view. Springer Science Business Media. DeKeyser Ganz, F., Berkovitz, K. (2012). Surgical nurses perceptions of ethical dilemmas, moral distress and quality of care. Journal of advanced nursing, 68(7), 1516-1525. Hockenberry, M. J., Wilson, D., Wong, D. L. (2012). Wong's Essentials of Pediatric Nursing9: Wong's Essentials of Pediatric Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Johnstone, M. J. (2013). 'Death with dignity'-doubts and demands. Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 21(4), 26. Johnstone, M. J. (2015). Bioethics: a nursing perspective. Elsevier Health Sciences. Johnstone, M. J. (2016). Key milestones in the operationalisation of professional nursing ethics in Australia: a brief historical overview. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 33(4), 35. Munhall, P. L. (2012). Nursing research. Jones Bartlett Learning. Orentlicher, D. (2012). The alleged distinction between euthanasia and the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment: conceptually incoherent and impossible to maintain. University of Illinois law review, 1998, 837. Staunton, P. J., Chiarella, M. (2012). Law for nurses and midwives. Elsevier Australia. Varcoe, C., Pauly, B., Storch, J., Newton, L., Makaroff, K. (2012). Nurses perceptions of and responses to morally distressing situations. Nursing Ethics, 19(4), 488-500.